The parents present with worn down dentition.

The parents present with worn down dentition.

The parents present with worn down dentition.

The parents present with worn down dentition.

The parents present with worn down dentition.

The parents present with worn down dentition.

A patient of 12 years came to you with a complaint of avulsion of Tooth 11 which happened yesterday and which was managed in an emergency hospital.His mother said that it was initially washed with water followed by 30 minutes immersion in milk. It was replanted after 2 hours with a rigid composite splint.

His mother said that it was initially washed with water followed by 30 minutes immersion in milk. It was replanted after 2 hours with a rigid composite splint.

The patient has requested the tooth to be pulled out and would like to have it removed under nitrous oxide sedation as he is too anxious and scared of dental treatment.

He has limited financial capacity.

A patient presents to you with pain on tooth 14.You diagnose the condition as periodontal abscess.

The patient has requested the tooth to be pulled out and would like to have it removed under nitrous oxide sedation as he is too anxious and scared of dental treatment.

He has limited financial capacity.

The patient has requested the tooth to be pulled out and would like to have it removed under nitrous oxide sedation as he is too anxious and scared of dental treatment.

He has limited financial capacity.

The patient has requested the tooth to be pulled out and would like to have it removed under nitrous oxide sedation as he is too anxious and scared of dental treatment.

He has limited financial capacity.

A patient presents to you with pain on tooth 14.You diagnose the condition as periodontal abscess.

The patient has requested the tooth to be pulled out and would like to have it removed under nitrous oxide sedation as he is too anxious and scared of dental treatment.

He has limited financial capacity.

You diagnose the condition as periodontal abscess.

The patient has requested the tooth to be pulled out and would like to have it removed under nitrous oxide sedation as he is too anxious and scared of dental treatment.

He has limited financial capacity.

A family presents to you with multiple concerns.You have booked them in today to have a look at their complaints and address them.

A family presents to you with multiple concerns.You have booked them in today to have a look at their complaints and address them.

The patient has a history of radiation therapy in the past.

Diabetes HBA1c 8%.

Smoking 15cigs/day.

The patient has a history of radiation therapy in the past.

Diabetes HBA1c 8%.

Smoking 15cigs/day.

The patient has a history of radiation therapy in the past.

Diabetes HBA1c 8%.

Smoking 15cigs/day.

You diagnose the condition as generalized chronic periodontitis and are planning to determine the stage and the grade.

The patient has a history of radiation therapy in the past.

Diabetes HBA1c 8%.

Smoking 15cigs/day.

You diagnose the condition as generalized chronic periodontitis and are planning to determine the stage and the grade.

The patient has a history of radiation therapy in the past.

Diabetes HBA1c 8%.

Smoking 15cigs/day.

You diagnose the condition as generalized chronic periodontitis and are planning to determine the stage and the grade.

The patient has a history of radiation therapy in the past.

Diabetes HBA1c 8%.

Smoking 15cigs/day.

The patient has a history of radiation therapy in the past.

Diabetes HBA1c 8%.

Smoking 15cigs/day.

Intraoral examination reveals a large occlusal cavity in tooth 85, with soft, light-coloured dentine visible. The surrounding gingiva appears healthy. The tooth is tender to gentle tapping with a mirror handle but is not mobile. There is no associated facial swelling, and no fistula is present intraorally. Application of a cold stimulus to tooth 85 elicits a sharp painful response that lingers for proximately one minute after the stimulus is removed.

A targeted radiographic imaging radiograph of the area shows a deep radiolucency in the tooth.

Intraoral examination reveals a large occlusal cavity in tooth 85, with soft, light-coloured dentine visible. The surrounding gingiva appears healthy. The tooth is tender to gentle tapping with a mirror handle but is not mobile. There is no associated facial swelling, and no fistula is present intraorally. Application of a cold stimulus to tooth 85 elicits a sharp painful response that lingers for proximately one minute after the stimulus is removed.

A targeted radiographic imaging radiograph of the area shows a deep radiolucency in the tooth.

Intraoral examination reveals a large occlusal cavity in tooth 85, with soft, light-coloured dentine visible. The surrounding gingiva appears healthy. The tooth is tender to gentle tapping with a mirror handle but is not mobile. There is no associated facial swelling, and no fistula is present intraorally. Application of a cold stimulus to tooth 85 elicits a sharp painful response that lingers for proximately one minute after the stimulus is removed.

A targeted radiographic imaging radiograph of the area shows a deep radiolucency in the tooth.

Sarah’s medical history is significant for mild, well-controlled asthma, for which she uses a salbutamol inhaler as needed. She has no known drug allergies. Her mother mentions that Sarah enjoys sugary snacks and fruit juices between meals. Sarah appears cooperative during the consultation, though slightly anxious about the dental environment.

Intraoral examination reveals a large occlusal cavity in tooth 85, with soft, light-coloured dentine visible. The surrounding gingiva appears healthy. The tooth is tender to gentle tapping with a mirror handle but is not mobile. There is no associated facial swelling, and no fistula is present intraorally. Application of a cold stimulus to tooth 85 elicits a sharp painful response that lingers for proximately one minute after the stimulus is removed.

A targeted radiographic imaging radiograph of the area shows a deep radiolucency in the tooth.

Intraoral examination reveals a large occlusal cavity in tooth 85, with soft, light-coloured dentine visible. The surrounding gingiva appears healthy. The tooth is tender to gentle tapping with a mirror handle but is not mobile. There is no associated facial swelling, and no fistula is present intraorally. Application of a cold stimulus to tooth 85 elicits a sharp painful response that lingers for proximately one minute after the stimulus is removed.

A targeted radiographic imaging radiograph of the area shows a deep radiolucency in the tooth.

Clinical examination reveals a generalised moderate accumulation of plaque on Amir’s teeth. The permanent first molars (16, 26, 36, 46) are all partially erupted. Their occlusal surfaces show deep, stained fissure patterns. When a dental explorer is gently drawn along these fissures, a slight sticky sensation is felt, though there is no visible localised enamel breakdown or cavitation into dentine. No other suspicious lesions are noted, and the gingival tissues appear healthy with no bleeding on probing.

Clinical examination reveals a generalised moderate accumulation of plaque on Amir’s teeth. The permanent first molars (16, 26, 36, 46) are all partially erupted. Their occlusal surfaces show deep, stained fissure patterns. When a dental explorer is gently drawn along these fissures, a slight sticky sensation is felt, though there is no visible localised enamel breakdown or cavitation into dentine. No other suspicious lesions are noted, and the gingival tissues appear healthy with no bleeding on probing.

Clinical examination reveals a generalised moderate accumulation of plaque on Amir’s teeth. The permanent first molars (16, 26, 36, 46) are all partially erupted. Their occlusal surfaces show deep, stained fissure patterns. When a dental explorer is gently drawn along these fissures, a slight sticky sensation is felt, though there is no visible localised enamel breakdown or cavitation into dentine. No other suspicious lesions are noted, and the gingival tissues appear healthy with no bleeding on probing.

Clinical examination reveals a generalised moderate accumulation of plaque on Amir’s teeth. The permanent first molars (16, 26, 36, 46) are all partially erupted. Their occlusal surfaces show deep, stained fissure patterns. When a dental explorer is gently drawn along these fissures, a slight sticky sensation is felt, though there is no visible localised enamel breakdown or cavitation into dentine. No other suspicious lesions are noted, and the gingival tissues appear healthy with no bleeding on probing.

Clinical examination reveals a generalised moderate accumulation of plaque on Amir’s teeth. The permanent first molars (16, 26, 36, 46) are all partially erupted. Their occlusal surfaces show deep, stained fissure patterns. When a dental explorer is gently drawn along these fissures, a slight sticky sensation is felt, though there is no visible localised enamel breakdown or cavitation into dentine. No other suspicious lesions are noted, and the gingival tissues appear healthy with no bleeding on probing.

Clinical examination reveals good overall oral hygiene with minimal plaque accumulation. Generalised probing depths are 2-3mm with minimal bleeding on probing. On the buccal aspect of tooth 41, there is 4mm of gingival recession, exposing the root surface. The probing depth on the buccal of 41 is 2mm. The width of keratinised tissue is minimal, measuring 1mm. A high labial frenal attachment is noted, which causes blanching of the gingival margin when the lower lip is extended. Tooth 41 is not mobile and responds to a cold stimulus with a sharp pain that resolves immediately upon removal of the stimulus.

Clinical examination reveals good overall oral hygiene with minimal plaque accumulation. Generalised probing depths are 2-3mm with minimal bleeding on probing. On the buccal aspect of tooth 41, there is 4mm of gingival recession, exposing the root surface. The probing depth on the buccal of 41 is 2mm. The width of keratinised tissue is minimal, measuring 1mm. A high labial frenal attachment is noted, which causes blanching of the gingival margin when the lower lip is extended. Tooth 41 is not mobile and responds to a cold stimulus with a sharp pain that resolves immediately upon removal of the stimulus.

Mei-Lin Yang, a 28-year-old marketing executive, presents for a routine check-up. Her main concern is that her ‘lower front tooth looks longer than the others’ and has recently become sensitive to cold drinks. The sensitivity is sharp but disappears as soon as the cold stimulus is removed.Ms.Yang’s medical history is unremarkable; she takes no regular medications and has no known allergies. Her dental history includes comprehensive orthodontic treatment completed five years ago. She reports using a hard-bristled toothbrush with a vigorous horizontal scrubbing motion, believing it cleans her teeth more effectively. She is a non-smoker and consumes alcohol socially.

Clinical examination reveals good overall oral hygiene with minimal plaque accumulation. Generalised probing depths are 2-3mm with minimal bleeding on probing. On the buccal aspect of tooth 41, there is 4mm of gingival recession, exposing the root surface. The probing depth on the buccal of 41 is 2mm. The width of keratinised tissue is minimal, measuring 1mm. A high labial frenal attachment is noted, which causes blanching of the gingival margin when the lower lip is extended. Tooth 41 is not mobile and responds to a cold stimulus with a sharp pain that resolves immediately upon removal of the stimulus.

Clinical examination reveals good overall oral hygiene with minimal plaque accumulation. Generalised probing depths are 2-3mm with minimal bleeding on probing. On the buccal aspect of tooth 41, there is 4mm of gingival recession, exposing the root surface. The probing depth on the buccal of 41 is 2mm. The width of keratinised tissue is minimal, measuring 1mm. A high labial frenal attachment is noted, which causes blanching of the gingival margin when the lower lip is extended. Tooth 41 is not mobile and responds to a cold stimulus with a sharp pain that resolves immediately upon removal of the stimulus.

Clinical examination reveals good overall oral hygiene with minimal plaque accumulation. Generalised probing depths are 2-3mm with minimal bleeding on probing. On the buccal aspect of tooth 41, there is 4mm of gingival recession, exposing the root surface. The probing depth on the buccal of 41 is 2mm. The width of keratinised tissue is minimal, measuring 1mm. A high labial frenal attachment is noted, which causes blanching of the gingival margin when the lower lip is extended. Tooth 41 is not mobile and responds to a cold stimulus with a sharp pain that resolves immediately upon removal of the stimulus.

Intraoral examination of tooth 14 reveals a large, multi-surface amalgam restoration with a visible fracture line extending from the distal margin of the restoration subgingivally on the palatal aspect. The tooth is tender to percussion and palpation of the buccal vestibule. Periodontal probing is within normal limits, except for an isolated 7mm probing depth on the disto-palatal aspect, which corresponds with the visible fracture line.

Application of a cold stimulus results in a sharp, painful response that lingers for over 20 seconds after the stimulus is removed. There is no associated swelling or sinus tract. A periapical radiograph of tooth 14 shows the restoration in close proximity to the pulp.

Intraoral examination of tooth 14 reveals a large, multi-surface amalgam restoration with a visible fracture line extending from the distal margin of the restoration subgingivally on the palatal aspect. The tooth is tender to percussion and palpation of the buccal vestibule. Periodontal probing is within normal limits, except for an isolated 7mm probing depth on the disto-palatal aspect, which corresponds with the visible fracture line.

Application of a cold stimulus results in a sharp, painful response that lingers for over 20 seconds after the stimulus is removed. There is no associated swelling or sinus tract. A periapical radiograph of tooth 14 shows the restoration in close proximity to the pulp.

Intraoral examination of tooth 14 reveals a large, multi-surface amalgam restoration with a visible fracture line extending from the distal margin of the restoration subgingivally on the palatal aspect. The tooth is tender to percussion and palpation of the buccal vestibule. Periodontal probing is within normal limits, except for an isolated 7mm probing depth on the disto-palatal aspect, which corresponds with the visible fracture line.

Application of a cold stimulus results in a sharp, painful response that lingers for over 20 seconds after the stimulus is removed. There is no associated swelling or sinus tract. A periapical radiograph of tooth 14 shows the restoration in close proximity to the pulp.

Intraoral examination of tooth 14 reveals a large, multi-surface amalgam restoration with a visible fracture line extending from the distal margin of the restoration subgingivally on the palatal aspect. The tooth is tender to percussion and palpation of the buccal vestibule. Periodontal probing is within normal limits, except for an isolated 7mm probing depth on the disto-palatal aspect, which corresponds with the visible fracture line.

Application of a cold stimulus results in a sharp, painful response that lingers for over 20 seconds after the stimulus is removed. There is no associated swelling or sinus tract. A periapical radiograph of tooth 14 shows the restoration in close proximity to the pulp.

Intraoral examination of tooth 14 reveals a large, multi-surface amalgam restoration with a visible fracture line extending from the distal margin of the restoration subgingivally on the palatal aspect. The tooth is tender to percussion and palpation of the buccal vestibule. Periodontal probing is within normal limits, except for an isolated 7mm probing depth on the disto-palatal aspect, which corresponds with the visible fracture line.

Application of a cold stimulus results in a sharp, painful response that lingers for over 20 seconds after the stimulus is removed. There is no associated swelling or sinus tract. A periapical radiograph of tooth 14 shows the restoration in close proximity to the pulp.

Intraoral examination of tooth 14 reveals a large, multi-surface amalgam restoration with a visible fracture line extending from the distal margin of the restoration subgingivally on the palatal aspect. The tooth is tender to percussion and palpation of the buccal vestibule. Periodontal probing is within normal limits, except for an isolated 7mm probing depth on the disto-palatal aspect, which corresponds with the visible fracture line.

Application of a cold stimulus results in a sharp, painful response that lingers for over 20 seconds after the stimulus is removed. There is no associated swelling or sinus tract. A periapical radiograph of tooth 14 shows the restoration in close proximity to the pulp.

Intraoral examination of tooth 14 reveals a large, multi-surface amalgam restoration with a visible fracture line extending from the distal margin of the restoration subgingivally on the palatal aspect. The tooth is tender to percussion and palpation of the buccal vestibule. Periodontal probing is within normal limits, except for an isolated 7mm probing depth on the disto-palatal aspect, which corresponds with the visible fracture line.

Application of a cold stimulus results in a sharp, painful response that lingers for over 20 seconds after the stimulus is removed. There is no associated swelling or sinus tract. A periapical radiograph of tooth 14 shows the restoration in close proximity to the pulp.

Intraoral examination of tooth 14 reveals a large, multi-surface amalgam restoration with a visible fracture line extending from the distal margin of the restoration subgingivally on the palatal aspect. The tooth is tender to percussion and palpation of the buccal vestibule. Periodontal probing is within normal limits, except for an isolated 7mm probing depth on the disto-palatal aspect, which corresponds with the visible fracture line.

Application of a cold stimulus results in a sharp, painful response that lingers for over 20 seconds after the stimulus is removed. There is no associated swelling or sinus tract. A periapical radiograph of tooth 14 shows the restoration in close proximity to the pulp.